Busniess in China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Busniess in China - Research Paper Example By 2009 it was holding the largest foreign currency reserves amounting to $2 trillion and was also the largest holder of US treasury bonds (Tse, 2009). It has also become a world leader in international trade with import export forming 60% of its GDP (Tse, 2009). 1.3 billion Population of the country represents a huge market potential which no company can afford to ignore. Economy Based on the development level, the country is divided into three economic regions which are eastern, middle and western regions (Ma and Li, 2004). Eastern region is most advanced with good infrastructure, advanced cities, good management and administration (Ma and Li, 2004). Special economic zones have been setup by the government in this region to provide better development opportunities. The middle region is not as well developed as the Eastern. However, it has well developed industry and is the main region which produces grain, edible oils and cotton (Ma and Li, 2004). The Western region is still underd eveloped but has huge development potential for trade because it is the passage to other countries (Ma and Li 2004). Industry forms 46.8% of the GDP and industrial production growth rate stood at 11% as per 2010 estimates (cia.gov, 2011). Culture Because of the country’s socialist background, its culture is highly influenced by this ideology. The Chinese put a great emphasis on relationships than transactions and power distance in an organization (secureonlineorder.net, n. d). The Confucian philosophy which they follow focuses on collectivism rather than individualism. They believe in what they call â€Å"Guanxi† that refers to a â€Å"network of relationships among groups that cooperate and support one another† (secureonlineorder.net, n. d). This is considered as legally valid and not bribery and is indicative of personal closeness through exchanging of gifts and frequent contacts with retailers, suppliers, local government officials and banks. Chinese are not too keen to focus on detail and technical expertise with their leader’s autocratic behavior being accepted in return for security and harmony. Their communication is also less verbal and more through body language. They are never direct at saying â€Å"no† to things and rather express it through facial expressions and other roundabout ways (legacee.com, n. d). They feel that business relationships are the foundation of businesses and not any written agreements. Language problem is a barrier to exchange of ideas with the western organizations. Analysis of findings Facility location After having analyzed the economy and culture of China we need to first look at the location of the new facility. As seen earlier, Eastern China is the most developed area hence; there would be stiff competition for resources there. The Western area is now the new focus area for the government hence the new facility should be located there. The region accounts for 71% of China’s total land area and 29% of China’s total population with ready availability of labor force (Tan, 2010). Facility cost here is 50% less than the Eastern region while warehousing, construction and office lease is as low as one third to three quarter of the cost (Reinhardt, 2005). Thus providing facilities to the employees like housing will not be a major issue with respect to cost or availability in any of the Western towns or cities. There will be some problems as infrastructure and communications network are not as well developed

Islamic Banking and the Financial Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Islamic Banking and the Financial Crisis - Essay Example The following verses of the Quran illustrate Islamic prohibitions on riba or usury: â€Å"And for practicing usury, which was forbidden, and for consuming the people’s money illicitly, We have prepared for the disbelievers among them painful retribution.† Al-Nisa 4:161 â€Å"Those who charge usury are in the same position as those controlled by the devil’s influence. This is because they claim that usury is the same as commerce. However, God permits commerce and prohibits usury.† Al-Baqarah 2:275 â€Å"The usury that is practiced to increase some people’s wealth does not gain anything at God. ... Background and Key Concepts of Islamic Banking Holden (2007) states that riba was a pre-Islamic practice that required that when a borrower could not repay a loan owed to another by a specified date, the amount of the loan increased in lieu of an extension in the repayment date. However, such an arrangement presented a problem because borrowers who could not repay a loan were in danger of owing huge sums in perpetuity to lenders. Thus, those that turned to moneylenders in an informal barter economy of the pre-Islamic era at times of famine, disasters or crop failure were in danger of entrapment in a vicious cycle of indebtedness, poverty and deprivation that could result in perpetual slavery for those that could not repay their loans. High risks associated with entrapment in a vicious cycle of indebtedness did not encourage risk-taking in commerce, and this was not beneficial for the society. It is important to note that the concept of a limited liability company in the United Kingdo m had evolved due to a societal need for managing better business risks for the betterment of the society and Islamic response for risk management related to the removal of the concept of riba from society. Holden (2007) goes further to suggest that the Quran prohibits profiting from idle money, and a prohibition exists for the practice of riba in Islam. In addition, Islamic law or the Shariah prohibits transactions that carry substantial risk or uncertainty at the time of inception, such as gambling or other forms of risk that present a potential for exploitation. Prohibition under the Shariah also extends to transactions that involve immorality,

Differences Between Male and Female Gang Members

Differences Between Male and Female Gang Members Eric Diehlmann   Gangs are not a new phenomenon in American society. As early as the late 1700 gangs emerged on the East Coast because of immigration and poverty (Howell Moore 2010). These early gangs helped people to feed their families and build a sense of belonging in a new country. Nowadays not much has changed individuals still join gangs to make money and feel like they belong. These gangs have kept crime alive in the cities where they exist and make it hard for law enforcement to keep crime rates low. In this paper, we will delve into the history of gangs, the activities of the gangs, and the differences between male and female gang members when it comes to membership and the victimization they experience in a gang. In the late 18th century the United States was established as an independent country and cities in the first states were experiencing the beginnings of gangs. These gangs were not seasoned criminals but youth fighting over local territory. In the 1820s organized gangs started to emerge after large scale immigration to the United States and the subsequent poverty and overcrowding that followed. Most of these gangs were initially white (Irish, Italian, German, etc.) but as Latinos and Blacks started to move to the cities in the 1950s the gangs became more racially diverse. The second period of gang growth also saw in increase in Poles, Italians and Jews in the cities which strengthened the gangs of the corresponding ethnicities. By the 1950s youth gangs have disappeared and a migration of Blacks and Latinos came into the city which sparked interracial tensions. White gangs violently resisted racial integration which led Black and Latino gangs to form as protection groups. Some modern-d ay gangs have their roots in penitentiaries where they were formed for protection from other inmates. In the Midwest gangs began similarly to the east where most gangs were white. Most notably Chicago which saw racial tensions between the white, black, and Latino gangs in the 1950s. Due to these tensions the proliferation of Latino and Black gangs occurred (Diamond 2005). As for gangs in the West the first were Latino due to the high Mexican population there. Like the East the first gangs were formed by groups of boys. As time passed these groups of boys became seasoned criminals recruiting others to join for protection and family. The cultural and physical marginalization of the Latino population helped to strengthen the developing gangs in the West where the Latino population was the majority (Howell Moore 2010). The difference between Latino gangs in the west compared to the Latino gangs in the East is that is gangs in the East arose from social disorganization stemming from the influx of immigrants coming through Ellis Island, whereas in the West the gangs arose from ethnic history and an alienation of the Latino culture. The major gangs that we take into consideration are MS 13, Trinitarios, The Aryan Brotherhood, The Bloods, and the Crips. MS-13 is a Latin street gang that has its origins in the poor neighborhoods of Los Angeles in the 1980s and in El Salvador. They span from Central America through Mexico and the United States all the way up to Canada. Their strongest presence is in Washington DC, California, and New York (Adams Pizarro). They originated in Southern California to protect each other from the violence caused by the Mexican Mafia. After time, they formed an alliance with the Mexican Mafia in 1993 which made them an official Southern California gang. To join the gang you have to be of Latin decent and go through an initiation process which involves a thirteen second beating from three older members or if you are female you have the option to be sexed in by having sex with thirteen members of the gang. Each prospective member is also required to do a trial period where they participate in gang activities. MS-13 is most notably known for their weapon of choice a machete, a number of violent acts committed by the gang are done with a machete. MS-13 is split up into cliques that vary in their own structure with larger cliques having a more military style hierarchy and smaller ones having designated leaders called shot callers. All gang members are required to follow the thirteen rules of conduct which include always obeying a superior member order to not saying mierda due the fact that thats what the rival gang the Eighteenth Street Gang calls them. In addition to the thirteen rules they must bring in profit, prove their toughness, and kill on command. Another famous Latin gang are the Trinitarios they were formed in 1989 by inmates in the Rikers Island Correction Facility and was composed of mostly Dominican inmates who sought protection. When the members were released they set up shop in the Washington Heights area of New York City and they are considered one of the fastest growing gangs on the Northeast. The requirements to be in the Trinitarios are that you must be of Dominican decent or affiliation as well as killing somebody or getting stabbed. The leaders from each regional chapter meet up once a year and other than that they all operate independently there are two main leaders but their identities are unknown. They have no alliances with other Latin gangs declare themselves rivals of those gangs. The Aryan Brotherhood is a prison gang that operates both in and out of prison. The gang formed in 1964 in San Quentin prison as a response to newly desegregated prisons, the founders were Irish bikers who sought protection in prison. The requirement to join the Brotherhood is that they must kill another person in a eye drawing fashion or kill a person of another race. Although they dont have as many members compared to other prison gangs the Aryan Brotherhood makes up for it in pure violence and disregard for authority. For example, a member of the Aryan Brotherhood killing a shot caller of a rival gang in the middle of a crowded prison yard with no concern of the repercussions. The Aryan Brotherhood have certain core values like white supremacy and adorn themselves in Nazi symbols like the swastika and SS patches or tattoos, this gang is also known to work with other gangs of varyi ng races which goes to show that making money comes before their racism. The Bloods arose in the early 1970s in response to the Crips gang becoming a powerful gang terrorizing neighborhoods in Los Angeles. There were other African American that arose in response to the Crips and over time these red gangs banded together to form the Bloods. Later on in the 1970s the Bloods and Crips began to divide up into neighborhoods in the Los Angeles area fervently protecting their territory. As time passed and their membership grew the Bloods are spread throughout the country both in states and their respective prison population. The requirements to be in the Bloods are that you must be African American, as well as survive a beat in by elder members of the gang and commit a crime or murder a member of a rival gang. The Crips arose in the late 1960s on high school campuses throughout to Los Angeles area. These groups were later organized into subsets that had their own leaders and hierarchies. T he initiation process for being a Crip is essentially the same for being a Blood, you must get beat in and kill a rival gang member or commit another crime. Now that we have a good background on the history of gangs and the different groups we will go over the types of crimes these gangs commit. The crimes of these gangs are all similar in a sense they are known for drug trafficking, murder, and human trafficking. If we look deeper we can see what makes each gangs crimes unique to them. To start off the MS-13 more specifically deals in drug distribution, murder, rape, prostitution, robbery, home invasions, immigration offenses, kidnapping, carjacking, and vandalism. All the following crimes are usually carried out as violently as possible where violence is necessary. A crime that sets them apart from the other gangs are immigration offenses, since MS-13 is a gang that requires El Salvadorian heritage many of the members go through Mexico to the U.S. where other gang members can get them into the U.S. illegally. The Trinitarios commit similar crimes to MS-13 except for immigration offenses. Since this is originally a prison gang a decent amount of the offenses may happen in penitentiaries. The Aryan Brotherhood commits crimes like the MS-13 and Trinitarios with the exception of racketeering, arms trafficking, inmate prostitution and some dog fighting. They are known specifically for distributing crystal methamphetamine. For the most part crimes happen in the prison system although they also have members that are not incarcerated that commit crimes and smuggle in money into the prison to give to other members. The Brotherhood also make themselves available as hitmen for hire for the right price. The Brotherhood mostly focuses on seriously organized crime activities which sets them apart from most gangs where the thing that they are about most is territory and not making money. The Bloods and Crips Gang activities are like the MS-13 and Trinitarios. Both gangs made large amounts of money during the crack-cocaine epidemic in Los Angeles and routinely rob and murder innocent people or rival gang members. When most people think of a gang member they often think of male members but there are many female gang members as well. Although they only account for usually 11% of gang member ship according to a study conducted by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Since females in gangs are a small minority of the total gang membership we will look at what gangs females are predominantly in. Female gang members can be separated into 3 types, mixed membership gangs where members can be male or female, auxiliary gangs, where a group of females works with a male dominated gang and finally female only gangs. Per the study Gender Dynamics in Youth Gangs: A Comparison of Males and Females Accounts by Jody Miller and Rod K. Brunson they found that females most likely found themselves associated with mixed gangs or auxiliary gangs. When a female is in a gang they are found to assume one of two roles the tomboy or the sex object. The tomboy role is like the male members role in th e gang but is not usually accepted due to the male members viewing it as outside of the normal female behavior. The sex object role is obvious, the male members use a female for sexual purposes as well as using them to entrap male rival gang members and conceal weapons or drugs. In both roles, the females wanted to have the respect of their male peers. There were interesting observances of how a female presence would deter violent acts even in all male gangs. One of the all-male gang members explains Girls keep people from doin things and he goes on to tell a story about how a girl that he used to talk to hid his gun from him an attempt to stop him from getting vengeance on a rival gang member that shot his partner. Miller and Brunson g on to summarize this by stating Young womens presence gave these young men an excuse for avoiding violence, even though they depicted girls as only good for sex.. When looking at the activities that girls in gangs commit one member explains that his fellow member Tia mostly sold drugs and partied with the other members but did not participate in activities that included violence like drive bys and other confrontations with rival gangs. If a girl was involved on a violent act it was fighting another rival female member. When all the members were asked how they protected other members most of the subjects responded that guns were the primary source of protection. It was noted that girls just said guns while boys listed the types of firearms given to the members. A major difference between boys and girls when it came to weapons was that when the girls were asked what kind of weapons girls carried on them 70 percent stated they carried knives or similar instruments while 26 percent carried guns. As for inter-gang relationships between boys and girls it seems that in mixed gangs members for the most part had a sexual relationship with the other opposite sex members since dating can cause unwanted drama and fighting within the gang. As for all male gangs, they will have similar relationships with girls that hang out with the gang where they are only viewed as sex objects. The most apparent example of this sexual exploitation is seen when the initiation process of sexing in is used on new female recruits. If a female member is sexed in usually they do not receive any respect within the gang and are only viewed as sex objects. It was noted that if a female did associate with a mixed gender gang instead of a all-male gang they were afforded protect ion and some status within the gang. There are differences between how female and male members are attacked by other rival gangs. Male and female members both acknowledged that it is easier for males to be targeted by rivals than females mostly because females are allowed to wear whatever colors they want and are not assumed to be in a gang. There was a specific danger for female gang members, being kidnapped and sexually assaulted or beaten by rival gang members to make a point. For the most part females did not agree that they experienced the same amount of dangers that males face being in a gang. It is noted that both male and females agreed that once a violent situation came around the females are not included or they leave the scene. From the interviews with the gang members on their views on gender specific victimization all accounts had the idea that boys were more likely to experience lethal violence and girls were more likely to experience sexual violence. In summary, we can see that gangs have a rich culture in the United States dating back to when the first immigrants settled here. Although the gangs vary by ethnicity it seems that people join gangs for protection, to have some semblance of a family, or to make a living. The crimes of these gangs can vary but all of them commit violent crimes and sell drugs other illegal substances. As far as gender is concerned it is shown that females make up a small amount of membership in gangs and they usually do not participate in violent life threatening acts but they help distribute drugs and lure rival gang members. Just because female gang members arent involved in violent crimes does not mean that that are at less of a risk of danger. Females are at risk of being kidnapped and sexually or physically assaulted by rival gang members to make a point whereas male gang members are at risk of life threatening altercations with rival gang members. Works Cited: Adams, Jennifer J., and Jesenia M. Pizarro.MS-13 Gang Profile(2009): n. pag.MS-13 Gang Profile. Journal of Gang Research, Summer 2009. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. Aryan Brotherhood.Aryan Brotherhood. Southern Poverty Law Center, n.d. Web. 01 Mar. 2011 Diamond, Andrew J. Gangs.Gangs. Chicago Historical Society, 2005. Web. 01 Mar. 2017. Dun, J. (n.d.). Los Angeles Crips and Bloods: Past and Present. Retrieved March 02, 2017, fromhttps://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/gangcolor/lacrips.htm Howell, James C., and John P. Moore. The History of Street Gangs in the United States: Their Origins and Transformations.History of Street Gangs in The United States(2010): n. pag.History of Street Gangs in The United States. U.S. Department of Justice, May 2010. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. Miller, Jody, and Rod K. Brunson. Gender Dynamics in Youth Gangs: A Comparison of Males and Females Accounts.Justice Quarterly17.3 (2000): 419-48. Web. Olmstead, Scott.Organization Data Sheet: Los Trinitarios Author: Scott Olmstead Review: Phil Williams A. When the Organization Was Formed + Brief History(n.d.): n. pag.Los Trinitarios. Pittsburgh University, May 2012. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. Survey Results: Gang Member Demographics, Sex.Survey Results: Gang Member Demographics, Sex. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 1996. Web. 13 Mar. 2017.

Characters, Setting, and Conflicts in A Tale of Two Cities Essay

Characters, Setting, and Conflicts in A Tale of Two Cities      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the novel, A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens utilizes the characters, setting, conflicts, and other literary devices to convey the tone and establish an attitude about human beings and society.    Dickens connects this novel with the French Revolution. Many of his descriptions refer back to the Revolution and help convey the tone of depression. Dickens saw "similarities between the forces that led to the Revolution and the oppression and unrest occurring in England during his time" (Cliff notes). "Although he supported the idea of people rising up against tyranny, the violence that characterized the French Revolution disturbed him" (Cliff notes). Dickens was drawn to a play, The Frozen Deep, written by Wilkie Collins in which he acted. In this play, two men competed for one woman, like in A Tale of Two Cities, when Charles Darnay and Sidney Carton compete against each other for Lucie Manette. Dickens makes clear the characters in this novel through their actions rather than dialogue, which make this novel different from the rest. Dickens' social ideas in this novel are quite simple. He feels the French Revolution was inevitable because the aristocracy oppressed the being "of the poor, driving them to revolt" (Cliff notes). In A Tale of Two Cities Dickens attempts to show his readers the dangers of a possible revolution (Cliff notes). He relies on his descriptive skills to convey the significance of revolution and resurrection in the novel. In addition, he portrays the horror of mob violence throughout the novel, leaving the readers with images of waves of people crashing through the battered gates of the Bastille, for exampl... ... Dr. Manette and he is returned to sanity. Sydney Carton's life changes from despair to honor. Because of the great change in Carton, Darnay's life is spared. The power of love and determination is clearly demonstrated by the resurrection of Dr. Alexander Manette, Sydney Carton, and Charles Darnay.       Sources Cited and Consulted:    Collins, Irene. "Charles Dickens and the French Revolution." Literature and History 1.1 (1990): 40-57.      Dickens, Charles.   A Tale of Two Cities. 1859. New York:   Bantam, 1983.    Gross, John. "A Tale of Two Cities." Dickens and the Twentieth Century. Ed. John Gross and Gabriel Pearson. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962. 187-97.    Kalil, Marie. Cliffs notes on Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities.   Cliff Notes Inc,   June 2000    http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/twocities/   

Vincent Van Gogh

Vincent Van Gogh, genius or madman? ‘The connection between genius and mental illness is paradoxically both clearer and murkier than that between genius and high intelligence. ‘ (Published on March 31 , 2011, Andrew Robinson) Van Gogh, possibly the most famous example of a known genius who beard the title of a mentally ill individual, had severe depression, inflicted serious injury on his own earlobe in the year of 1888, admitted himself to a mental facility, and shot himself in 1890, yet he is one of the most respected and well known men of our time, all because of his unmistakable and ingenious art work.Van Sago's recurrent mental derangement's were never in suspicion, not by himself nor his family. However, his sanity was never questioned either. Vincent Van Gogh was a known madman; it was never in question to anyone, not even himself, â€Å"l am unable to describe exactly what is the matter with me; now and then there are horrible fits of anxiety, apparently without cause, or otherwise a feeling of emptiness and fatigue in the head†¦. â€Å". (Vincent Van Gogh, date unknown) Van Gogh had been diagnosed with many conditions, illnesses and mental instabilities.Some being epilepsy, bipolar disorder, depression, psychotic episodes, and unpredictable mood swings. Doctors including Dry. Person and Dry. Felix Ere believed that Van Sago's epileptic seizures were occurring due to temporal lobe epilepsy. He was born with a brain laceration that was thought to of been intensified by his recurrent consumption of absinthe, this is what is believed to have caused his epileptic condition. Enthusiasm and dedication were standout characteristics in Van Sago's personality.Impulsive behavior was a prominent factor in his life, though hose periods were on every occasion trailed by depression and exhaustion. Therefore, doctors and specialists concluded that manic depression or bipolar disorder was a component of Van Sago's life. His bipolar disease is also wh at lead to his suicidal demise. Vincent Van Gogh was also diagnosed with Hyperplasia, which is a condition making ones desire [need to write intensify to an almost continuous level. This disorder is commonly linked to another of his conditions; epilepsy.The assortment of over 800 letters that Van Gogh wrote throughout his life time could be recognized and attributed to this condition. It has never been an uncertainty in our society that Vincent Van Gogh is in fact one of the most famous genius' within his art work; his art is known worldwide as astounding pieces of work. Although he was not recognized as a genius in his day, and his work was worth next to nothing, today he is seen as one of the greatest artists of both his and our time, and his paintings are worth millions.Not only was Van Gogh introducing a new style of art, experimenting with new concepts and colors but he was the beginning of a new era; expressionism. This is not only a remarkable point in history but also suppor ts the act that Vincent Van Gogh was in fact a genius; for one single man began a whole new look into art. The society he lived in was not ready for his non-conforming behavior and harsh reality of what truth lied behind his paintings.Not only with the realistic colors he used but also the concepts; he was not only painting portraits as everyone else was, however he rebelled against tradition and began painting landscapes and everyday images such as drawings of gardens, sunflowers, Patience Scalier, Eugene Boca, the Rollins, cafes, his room and his chair; all incredibly alive ND beautiful. Genius by definition is, ‘somebody with exceptional ability, especially someone whose creative achievements gain worldwide recognition'.It is no argue that Vincent Van Gogh met these requirements. It is believed that one of Van Sago's numerous physicians, Dry. Cachet treated his condition of epilepsy with a prescription drug by the name of digitalis. The drug has been known to cause one to s ee either yellow spots, or to view things in yellow. This is a very possible reason as to why Van Gogh painted a lot of yellow. A popular drink in his time was absinthe, and Van Gogh rank a substantial amount of it, however what most people don't know is that there is Outshone present in the liqueur.Outshone is a toxin that when taken in high doses can, once again cause one to view things in yellow. Physicians who have studied the artist have conflicting thoughts on whether this is what caused his attraction to yellow or not. Van Gogh used lead based paints, so there is differing assumptions to whether or not he suffered from lead poisoning by biting on paint chips. One of the effects from lead poisoning is that is causes one to see circles around objects; much eke halos, which is present in his famous painting ‘The Starry Night'.Van Sago's paintings are purely the reason he is known as a genius and the fact that his mental derangement's assisted with the completion of his wor k and to the standard it was, and also the way it was done supports the fact that he is a genius because he was a madman. Vincent Van Gogh; a man well recognized as a genius who beard the label of a mentally ill human being. Throughout his life he created some of the most high end paintings and drawings, and he would not have done so without some of the mental imbalances that were present in his life. Vincent Van Gogh Vincent van Gogh was an interesting man. Vincent van Gogh had one of the strongest impacts on the art world in the sass. He was not recognized until his death and he sold only one painting when he was alive. This painting was â€Å"The Red Vineyard†. Van Gogh suffered from mental illness and depression. No one knows how he got them but these illnesses have made his art better. He used his emotions and depression in his artwork. Every single piece of his depicts his depression and sorrow. Vincent van Gogh has impacted the world with his paintings. He was a post-impressionist minter whose work, notable for its beauty, emotion and color, highly influenced 20th- century art. â€Å"(www. Biography. Com/people/Vincent-van-Gogh-951 5695, Unknown Author) Most people know him for his famous painting â€Å"Starry Night†. Van Gogh has left his mark on the world and art itself. Vincent van Gogh was born on March 30, 1853 in Holland. As a child van Gogh had a very normal life. He g rew up in the village of Grotto Evader. His parent's were Theodore, who was a Protestant minister, and Anna Cornelia van Gogh. Vincent was named after his older brother who died when he was born.His mother never got over her first son's death and never grew to love van Gogh. When he was young, he started forming mental problems. Van Gogh had two brothers and three sisters. Their names were Thee and Core and Elisabeth, Anna and WI. Vincent was the oldest of his family. He loved all of his siblings but he grew the strongest relationship with his brother Thee. When he was a child, his mother taught all the children how to draw and paint with watercolors. She also taught them how to love the environment and the outdoors. Vincent loved the outdoors and would always go on walks.On these walks, he would come across the cemetery and in the cemetery was Baby Vincent grave. The site of seeing his own name and birthday on the grave frightened van Gogh. Whenever he saw this he would think about how perfect his older brother was and how he will never reach that status and how he will fail. Vincent van Gogh went to school like any other kid in the sass but because of financial problems, he had to drop out and start working. When he was 16, he started working at the Hogue gallery which was run by Gospel and Company. His Uncle Cent, who was an art dealer himself, got him a Job.Being away from his family, van Gogh was at the height of his life. He started to gain more knowledge in every aspect. He began to read many books and he learned how to speak French, English and German. Vincent worked there for six years and on his fourth year at Gospel and Company, he transferred to London, England. When he was 20 years old, he fell in love with his landlady's daughter. Her name was Egg ©nine Layer. Van Gogh asked her to marry him but he was turned down and rejected. She said that she was already secretly engaged. Vincent van Gogh was infuriated by this.He threw away all of his books side the Bible and decided to devote himself to God. At work, Vincent started to argue and fight with his coworkers and the customers. When he turned 23, he was fired from Gospel and Company. He then decided to go to school to become a minister like his father. Van Gogh was very tough on himself and whenever he studied wrong, he would punish himself. These punishments would be starving himself or staying outside for the night in the cold. He was very stubborn and he refused to take one of the exams. No schools would take him because of his stubbornness and his refusal.Van Gogh still believed that he was meant to be a minister so went to preach to the miners of Baronage. While he was there, he sketched most of the things he saw. He gave his house to a sick woman and slept in a shack. He helped the miners but while he was helping them, he was suffering. The miners called him the Christ of the coalmines. Vincent van Gogh got pleasure from suffering. He felt that when he suffered, he w as taking some ones hurt away from them. The church felt that the Job wasn't safe for him so they let him go. Van Gogh had no place to live and had no money.He thought of himself as a failure and he would always look at the sketches of the miners and wonder how he could help people like that. He then decided that he wasn't going to help them by being a minister, he was going to help them through his art. He decided to become an artist. Even though he had no artistic training, he gave everything his all. Vincent wrote to his brother Thee, asking him for some support. Thee agreed and Vincent moved back to Holland. At the age of 28, he finished his first oil painting. Thee was a respected art dealer at Gospel and Company so every painting van Gogh would make, he would end it to Thee.Dan Gogh then fell in love with his cousin, Kate. Her husband had just passed away and she was grieving his death. Van Gogh asked her for her hand in marriage but she denied. She then ran away from Vincent but, like last time, he could not take no for an answer. He chased after her back to her home in Amsterdam. Van Gogh talked to her family and they explained to him that she didn't want that relationship. His family was very disgusted with him for his actions. Vincent did not want to live at home anymore so he moved to the capital city of South Holland, The Hogue.In the city, he met Classic Maria Horn. She was an alcoholic and a prostitute and Vincent soon fell in love with her. She also had a four-year-old girl and was pregnant. She became sick and stopped prostituting. Because she could not work anymore, she was Vincent model for all of his paintings. In 1882, Vincent van Gogh found out he had syphilis. Classic started work again and Vincent became very depressed. They started fighting and Vincent depression got worse. Van Gogh left Classic and moved to Drenched. If he didn't leave Classic, his family would cut him off and not support him with any money.In Drenched, he began to pai nt the people and the landscape. This is where he finished his first painting. â€Å"Fulfilling his desire to paint figures, and 1885 van Gogh completed his first major work, The Potato Eaters which proved a unknown author) Thee received â€Å"The Potato Eaters† and said it was too gloomy and dark. Thee said that the dark colors that Vincent used were not popular anymore. People in art started using bright colors and boldness which was called Impressionism. Van Gogh decided to go to the Academy of fine arts in Antwerp. He discovered Japanese art and really admired it.He learned a lot in art school but decided that it wasn't for him and moved to France. In France, van Gogh started painting like the other Impressionists. He was invited into a circle of Impressionist artists. This group consisted of Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Edgar Degas, and Georges Serrate. Vincent began to use a brighter palette in all of his art pieces. Impressionist artists would only paint when the l ight was perfect and when they were in the mood. Vincent felt that it didn't matter and he would paint all day in any type of light. He also created the technique of using small and short brushstrokes.Vincent van Gogh created a new type of art, which was Post- Impressionism. He put more emotion in his art and was more experimental with his paintings and his techniques. Painting was the only thing that kept him sane most of the time. Van Gogh felt that he was more dedicated than the other artists. He and his artist friends would pose for each other to save money. They dedicated themselves to art and nothing else. In 1886, Vincent became very interested in Japanese prints. For two years, he painted like the Japanese. He moved into this yellow house in Arles because he was told the light was Just like Japan's.Vincent used his money for paint and not food. He lived off of bread and coffee. At night you would drink absinthe which made him feel strange and start hallucinating. In the day Vincent would find himself eating paint and drinking turpentine. Vincent van Gogh started to go crazy. His brother was worried about him so he paid Vincent friend, David Gauguin, to watch after him. David was also an artist and they painted together but they would always fight. David lived with van Gogh for a month but couldn't take it anymore. After an argument, David walked out of the house and went on a walk.He didn't think anyone was with them but then he heard footsteps and Vincent was right behind him holding a knife. Van Gogh went home and later that night he paid for a prostitute named Rachel. Vincent head was bleeding and he handed Rachel a part of his ear. When he handed her part of his ear, he said â€Å"keep this object carefully† and walked back to his house. He was found by the police and they checked him into the hospital. Thee came to visit him and Vincent was suffering from loss of blood and seizures. Van Gogh was released from the hospital was all alone.Davi d left the house ND Vincent became very depressed again. He tried to paint to make him feel better but it didn't work. The whole village of Arles made a complaint that van Gogh was a danger to the people in the town. Vincent was kicked out of Arles and checked into a clinic. Even though he was in the asylum, he still painted. He started to paint the hospital gardens and in November of 1889, he was asked to send in paintings to Brussels for an exhibit. He only sent six paintings and two of them were â€Å"Starry Night† and â€Å"Irises†. Throughout those 10 years, van Gogh painted about 900 painting.Vincent mental problems seemed to be getting better so he left the clinic. Van Sago's nephew was born on January 31, 1890. His nephew was named after him and to think Thee and his wife, he made a painting for them. This painting was named â€Å"Blossoming Almond Tree† and it symbolizes new life. During that same time, Thee sold one of Vincent paintings for the first t ime. Van Gogh moved to the country in Avers and his depression began to get worse. On July 27, 1890, Vincent went on a walk to a wheat field and shot himself. The gunshot did not kill him instantly and he found his way back to his apartment. Vincent van gogh There are a umber of things in this painting; this painting shows us that she is very poor. There are no flowers, lamps and garden. The house is the bare minimum; it shows the 19th Century things for the poor in the countryside were dark. Self-portrait, this painting shows us that he seems to frown and wrinkle his brow in concentration, he looks very lonely. He use orange dots in the background seem to reflect the orange red of his beard. He Inner is melancholy but he use the most warm color-orange, he should be eager to get love.I think that's almost impossible without knowing his name. He is one of the greatest artists in the world. He was born in 1850 three or two someday, whatever. And as a lot of people know, Van Gogh is the oldest child in their family, but actually, his parent's had a little baby before him, the baby died the same day Just one year before Van Gogh was born. So, they gave the two babies a identical name, this is why sometime people will call Van Gogh †the second Vincent. Sources: Chapter 4, Chapter 6, Chapter 1 1 . Vincent van gogh Vincent van Gogh BY allele Vincent Van Sago's Work of Art Ann. Lee Humanities 1301 Professor Philip Nonuser 02 December 2013 Professor Nonuser Vincent Van Gogh is a unique and outstanding artist who had a dramatic life that affected his paintings. At the age of twenty-seven, Vincent decided to devote his life for art because Vincent believed in the power of art. To him, a work of art, whether drawing or painting, had as striking an â€Å"effect† as a live sermon or a letter†( Euchre 17) . Van Gogh started his work of art with drawing.Vincent sent Thee, is brother, some of his drawings such as Au Carbonate (At the Coalmines), Miner Shouldering a Spade or Men and Women Going to the Mines. He drew everything he saw in everyday life. The miners and weavers usually appeared in his drawings. In the letter to his brother, Thee, he told him about his sympathy for these people :† I should be very happy if someday I could draw them, so that those unknown or little- known typ es would be brought before the eyes of the people†(20). In summer of 1882, he started paintings in oils.Vincent often paints † the simplest, most miserable, cost scorned objects† such as old shoes or † loamy' potatoes. (Huge 61). Vincent painted with dark and sorrowful colors. At the end of 1882, he experiments with lithography. He created a series often graphic works: nine lithographs and one etching. In the letter to his brother Thee, Vincent told him about drawing: Sorrow is one of Van Sago's lithographs. The special thing about this lithograph is that it was originally a painting about a naked prostitute † sitting with flabby breasts, heavy stomach, thin and stiff hair and weeping with her head on her knees† (Huge 6).Vincent also decided to do a lithograph based on the painting The Potato Eaters. The Potato Eaters is his first major work. It depicted five miserable family members, who were peasants, gathered around the table, eating their pota toes in the end of a day. Vincent wanted to attain the moral value in this painting: † I have tried to emphasize that those people , eating their potatoes in the lamplight, have dug the earth with those very hands they put in the dish, and so it speaks of manual labor, and how they have honestly earned their food† (Euchre 88).Van Sago's only etching, L ‘Home  ¤ la Pipe: Portrait du Doctor Cache,depicted Dry. Paul Cachet, a doctor and friend of Van Sago's who took care of him in the final weeks of his life. In 1886, Vincent moved to Paris, where he met his brother Thee, and he also made friends with Gauguin, Pissarro and Serrate. He discovered the French Impressionist. However, through Monticello, he â€Å"discovered both flowers and color† (Huge 63). And through his new friends, he brightened his palette. The Million De la Galatea is yellowed in tone but still muted in spite off pale sky.The hill of Montmartre was treated more conventionally; the painting was dominated by green and yellow ( Euchre 114). During 1887, Vincent created more than twenty- two self- portraits. The reason for this large amounts of his self-portraits was as though he wanted to rediscovered himself physically after he changed his style in art . Another reason is that Vincent Van Gogh was short of money, therefore, he became his own subject: â€Å"l purposely bought a good enough mirror to work from myself, for want of a model†.Self -portrait with a Straw Hat painted in the summer of 887 † show the artist's awareness of Neo-elementariness technique and color theory† ( The Metropolitan Museum of Art), † the background is sketched in by meaner of very widely spaced, comma- like strokes† ( Euchre 1 15). In 1888, he moved to Arles. Vincent was affected by the strong sunlight and he became † the prey of the sun† , † he burst out with spring, reached his highest point during summer and discovered July and the flame's p lenitude†(Euchre 165).At this point of time, his style changed immensely , and it was greatly impacted by the work of the Impressionists and Neo- Impressionists. He started to abandon somber palette and experiment with lighter colors such as red, yellow, orange, green, blue. We can easily see this change in his paintings such as The Pear Tree in Blossom, The Angle's Bridge, Boats at Anchor, Market Gardens, The Suave, A Walk in Arles, The Cafe at Night†¦ Etc. Besides, Vincent also developed his own unique style of painting. Vincent also experimented with the broken brush strokes of the Impressionists and hugely influenced by the Japanese prints.In 1887, he usually went to the shop of Samuel Being, a dealer of oriental art. He purchased many Japanese prints from Being. After that, he organized an exhibition of Japanese prints at the cafe Lee Tambourine. The Japanese prints were used in the background of the painting Portrait of Peer Tangy by Vincent. In the painting Still L ife with Plaster Statuette,† the plane in which the plaster statuette is placed crosses the picture surface vertically from one edge to the other, for shaking all the rules of illusionist perspective for the† plunging† approach of the Japanese†( Euchre 130).In the Woman at Lee Tambourine painted from the beginning of 1887, â€Å"the technique is Impressionist, but the background is treated in Japanese fashion, that is divided into parallel down in vertical stripes† (132). Between the years 1886 and 1889, Vincent painted more than over 30 self- portraits, reflecting his current pursuit of integrative color contrasts and a bolder composition. His collections of self-portraits place him among the most productive self- portraitists of all time. These portraits not only marked changes in his painting technique but also a reflection of his psychological world.The painting â€Å"Self Portrait with Pipe† was painted in 1886, before Vincent moved to Pari s. This is the typical kind of Vincent earlier painting style, using melancholy colors, which are characteristic of traditional Dutch painting. In 1887, Vincent was trying to use Pointillism for his â€Å"Self Portrait†. Pointillism is a painting technique which was created by the artist Georges Serrate. However, Vincent failed at imitating † Caesura's patient and analytical approach to the technique† ( The History in Self Portraits). Another self portrait of Vincent Van Gogh is † Self Portrait with a Gray Felt Hat†.This portrait showed that he reached the peak of his new painting technique. He also applied brush strokes of different contrast colors such as blues, oranges, yellow, white, lilac, sky blue, and green. In June 1888, Vincent was interested in the night of Saints- Maries in Arles that he decided to paint the beautiful view of the night. It was the † Night Cafe† which Vincent stated in the letter to Thee :† equivalent, thoug h different, of the † Potato Eaters† and † In my picture of the † Night Cafe† I have tried to express the idea that the cafe is a place where one can ruin oneself, go mad or commit a crime†( Euchre 164).Then, Vincent had his second night study : â€Å"Cafe Terrace by Night†. In the letter that Vincent sent to Wilhelmina, he expressed his pleasure to his paintings: Here you have a night picture without any black in it, done with nothing but beautiful blue and violet and green, and in these surroundings the lighted square acquires a pale sulfur and greenish citron-yellow color. It amuses me enormously to paint the night on the spot. They used to draw and paint the picture in the daytime after the rough sketch. But I find satisfaction in painting things immediately.Of course it's true that in the dark I may mistake a blue for a green, a blue- lilac for a pink-lilac, for you cannot rightly extinguish the quality of a hue. (Euchre 164) In Octobe r 1888, Gauguin came to Arles and lived with Vincent. Gauguin was Vincent friend. He was famous for creating painting in many different styles, including Impressionism and Primitivism. When being together, they painted paintings and discussed with each other about different technique. Next month, under Gauguin urging, Vincent experimented with painting from memory.Vincent started to imitate Gauguin technique of painting from memory during this time that resulted in his painting becoming less realistic and more attractive. Vincent deliberately used colors to capture moods, rather than using colors realistically. Their first encounter in painting took place at the Alleyways. In December 1888, Van Gogh did two chair paintings: Vincent Chair and Gauguin Armchair. In Vincent Van Gogh- Art, Life and Letters, Euchre said Vincent chair † is a creature of light.The intensity of the yellow note, emphasized by the vibrant blue of the contour , marks the paintings of the future painted â €Å"in such a way that everybody , at least if they have eyes, would see it†. Whereas the elegant armchair is bathed in full chiaroscuro'(202). However, their enthusiasm for each other and art faded away, and soon replaced by quarrels. Vincent had less and less confidence in Gauguin. He wrote Thee: On various occasions I have seen him do things which you and I would not let ourselves do, because we have consciences that feel differently about things.I have heard one or two things said of him, but having seen him at very, very close quarters, I think that he is carried away by his imagination, perhaps by pride, but†¦ Practically irresponsible† ( CTD. In Euchre 202). About Vincent, he did not eat every day because he was short of money. Despite an empty stomach, he stayed for hours working under the sun. (Huge 80) . One time, when Vincent saw the portrait of Vincent Painting Sunflowers which was hidden by Gauguin , he could not recognized himself and reacted violentl y to Gauguin.When they went to a cafe, Vincent suddenly threw his glass of absinthe at Gauguin head. When Gauguin decided to leave Arles, Vincent tried many ways to make him stay. He had been through a difficult time to face with Gauguin threatened departure. He got up during the night to make sure Gauguin was still there, he used absinthe and bacon, since † the only thing to bring ease and distraction, in my case and other people's too, is to stun oneself with a lot of drinking or heavy smoking†(Euchre 211).One day, when Gauguin was walking in the street, Vincent threw himself at him with an opening razor in his hand. However, he did not attack Gauguin, he ran away. Back in his room, he cut off the lobe of his ear with the razor. He cleaned his ear and put it in an envelope and gave the doorkeeper his ear. He was discovered by the police and hospitalized at the H ¶tell-Died hospital in Arles. Gauguin left immediately for Paris, choosing not to visit Van Gogh in the ho spital. Then they never met each other in person again.Two weeks after it happened, he painted his self- portrait: Self -Portrait with Bandaged Ear. This portrait is considered as â€Å"the calm after the storm. He takes a quiet and detached look at himself and expresses a feeling of renewed hope through his bright colors and simplified drawing. A clue to the origin of this bold style is found in the Japanese woodblock print on the wall behind him†( The History in Self Portraits Para. 13). Van Gogh then started to alternate between fits of madness and lucidity and was sent to the asylum in Saint- Remy for treatment.Van Gogh left Arles on 8 May. In mid-June, Van Gogh produced his best known work: Starry Night. In 1890, he shot himself in the chest by a revolver. During his career, he only sold one painting. Van Gogh became famous only after his death because of his innovative art that had a strong influence on the artists of the next generation. Even though Vincent Van Gogh ha d a very dramatic life, he devoted almost most of his entire life for art. A very unique feature about Vincent ark of art is his outstanding bold brush strokes which he adopted in his later paintings..

Similarities and Differences in Sociological Theories of Crime

Sociological theories of crime contain a great deal of useful information in the understanding of criminal behavior. Sociological theories are very useful in the study of criminal behavior because unlike psychological and biological theories they are mostly macro level theories which attempt to explain rates of crime for a group or an area rather than explaining why an individual committed a crime. (Kubrin, 2012). There is however some micro level sociological theories of crime that attempts to explain the individual’s motivation for criminal behavior (Kubrin, 2012). Of the contemporary sociological theories there are three which come to the forefront and which we will examine, social conflict theory, social disorganization theory, and rational choice theory. Social Conflict Theory As the name suggests, social conflict theory is a conflict based perspective. Conflict based perspectives assert that laws that govern what behaviors are criminal and what are not come from a conflict between those in power and those who aren’t (Kubrin, 2012). Social conflict theory basically says that crime is born out of this conflict between those that have power within a society and those that don’t. Those that have the power in a society are the ones that make the laws and therefore make laws which will benefit them and forward their goals and ideals often at the expense of those without power. It is this conflict and the resulting laws regulating what is criminal and what is not that is ultimately the cause of crime. Social Disorganization Theory Unlike social conflict theory, social disorganization theory is based on the consensus perspective. The consensus perspective believes that laws are born out of a consensus of members of a society seeking order within that society (Kubrin, 2012). Social disorganization theory views crime as a result of a breakdown of organization and culture within a society (Warner, 2003). This breakdown of organization and culture within a community leads to a lack of informal social control which in turn leads to higher crime rates especially in the juvenile population (Simons, Simons, Burt, Brody, & Cutrona, 2005). Social disorganization theory asserts that strong levels of connection within a community along with a sense of civic pride motivate individuals to take a more active role in the community therefore acting as a deterrent to crime. Rational Choice Theory The third of the contemporary sociological theories is rational choice theory. In stark contrast to social conflict theory and social disorganization theory which are macro level theories, rational choice theory is a micro level theory (Kubrin, 2012). Rational choice theory focuses on the individual motivation behind criminal behavior. Specifically the idea that the choice to commit criminal behavior is a choice based on a type of risk reward scenario. The person contemplating a criminal act consciously weighs the risk associated with the crime against the reward they stand to gain from the crime. Similarities and Differences Each of these three contemporary sociological theories of crime are similar in that they focus mainly on crime in poor or disadvantaged areas. This focus is obvious with social conflict theory and social disorganization theory but not as much with rational choice theory although it is there. With rational choice theory the concept of what is to be gained from the criminal activity in itself implies that the person is most likely poor or disadvantaged in some way necessitating crime to obtain the things they need or desire. Where these theories differ is their basic concepts of what the actual cause of crime is. Where social conflict theory and social disorganization theory view the causes of crime on a group level, rational choice theory says that crime is caused on an individual level. Likewise, on an even more fundamental level, social conflict theory and social disorganization theory differ in that social conflict theory believes laws regulating criminal behavior are formed out of conflict within a society where social disorganization theory believes laws are formed from a consensus within society. Conclusions Sociological theories of crime are very useful, especially in the prediction and prevention of crime. One of their greatest strengths is their ability to explain crime within a certain group or community. However, the fact that the group or area they most often focus on is poor or disadvantages is one of their greatest weaknesses. Sociological theories fail to account for so called white collar crimes and other types of crimes that occur mainly among more wealthy individuals and in more well off neighborhoods. As with psychological and biological theories, sociological theories have their strengths and weaknesses. To truly understand the nature and causes of crime and to be able to prevent it will take an understanding and blending of many different theories.